God and Man in Dracula Essay

The cycle of films produced at Universal Studios in the early 1930s represents, in important ways, the advent and elaboration of the twentieth century horror genre. Among the many themes introduced in films such as Dracula (1930), The Mummy (1931) and Bride of Frankenstein (1935) is that of God and Man. In this paper, I intend to explore this theme by closely investigating the creation of the bride that takes place near the end of Bride of Frankenstein. Although a variety of narrative codes operating in this scene illuminate the film’s meaning, it is the fine line between God and Man that deserves critical scrutiny. The creation of the bride scene opens up with the kites being released into the oncoming storm in hope of catching the electricity from a lightening bolt. We then cut to a low angle shot of Frankenstein running down the stairs towards the laboratory. After reaching the bottom, he runs to a giant electrical machine, the view tilted so as to give the feeling of anticipation as he holds the switch and bites his lip. Dr. Pretorius is shown from a low angle, with light splayed across his face and dark machines looming in the background giving him an almost god-like status. The next shot is a high-angle shot of Dr. Frankenstein, making it seem like he’s cowering in submission, a slave to Dr. Pretorius. With various close-ups of machines crackling and sparking with electricity, we again come upon Frankenstein, looking around, waiting to throw the switch that would begin the process to start life in the dead. By this time he has fully accepted the fact that he is a part of this great misdeed. We then come to an extreme close-up of Frankenstein’s face, underlighting of his face, a serious look on his face like he knows he is meddling with the work of God. Dr. Pretorius then runs to the four large switches and dramatically clicks them on in a shower of sparks (a close-up of the switches hitting their connectors reveals a shower of sparks). A close-up of his face disappears when an electric explosion occurs right behind his head, illuminating the screen. His face reappears looking down upon the creation, wanting it to come alive, disregarding the fact that he is going against God and nature in his actions. Machines crackling and sparks flying from various angles, briefly looking at Dr. Frankenstein’s face again. A tilted shot of Dr. Frankenstein gives the impression that he’s lying down on the machine, trying eagerly to look at the reaction of the body. Cut to a close-up looking up at Dr. Pretorius, then back to Dr. Frankenstein with a top-view, going back to the master/slave relationship between the two. Explosions rock the laboratory, smoke rising to the roof in showers of spark. An eye-level full shot of the laboratory reveals arcing electric bolts and sparks showering the tables with fire. We then have a low-angle view of Dr. Frankenstein which then changes to a high-angle view as he yells upwards, â€Å"it’s coming up! † His gloves and white jacket, coupled with the pale make-up and dark lips gives him an almost sinister look. The body then ascends the wall of the laboratory, the camera placed about halfway up the wall and follows it all the way till it passes by and reaches the top. After seeing part of the contraption disappear through the roof, we cut to a extremely long shot of the whole tower with the machine rising above the roof, after which the camera cuts to a full shot of the body being hooked up to various wires by Dr. Pretorius’ workers. The most critical arrangement of shots then occurs the moment before life is given to the body. The camera cuts back to the lab with an aerial close-up of Dr. Frankenstein who has shadows cast across his face from underlighhting. The same for Dr. Pretorius as we cut back and forth between the two. As the shots go back and forth, the lighting on their faces gets gradually brighter making their eyes seem to sink back into their heads and disappear, leaving only empty sockets. This plays into the theme that they are no longer controlled by God or nature, but by evil. The section ends with Frankenstein appearing on the roof after awakening from his slumber.

Failures That May Occur in a Distributed Systems Essay

A distribution systems is a collection of processors that have a common goal for their system. Some examples would be SOA-based systems, massively multiplayer online games and peer-to-peer applications. The distributed system is software systems in which components located on network computers. This systems communicate and coordinate through passing messages. This systems interact with each other to accomplish a common goal. This processor will contain their own local memory. Undeliverable Messages Failures This is where a message is undeliverable due to either the recipient is down when a message arrives or the sender and recipient are in different components of a network partition Communication Failures Will stop processes at other sites to stop communicating Site Failures When a site experiences a system failure, processing stops abruptly and the contents of volatile storage are destroyed (Microsoft Research, 2012). Network Partition Failure This is a network fragments into two or more disjointed sub-networks within which messages can be sent, but between which messages are lost. Centralized systems are completely opposite of a distributed system, where a distributed system is a collection of processors which contains their own memories and communicate together through various lines. A centralizes system allows certain functions to be concentrated in the systems hub, plus it can be easily accessed from all points (Wikipedia, 2012). After a failure has occurred certain actions must be taken, depending on what the failure is will help to determine what actions need to be taken. Site and communications failures manifest themselves as the inability of one site to exchange message with another site. When you have a failure one the first  steps is to have a handshake procedure. Handshake is where two sites communicate between each other to set parameters so normal communications over the channels can begin. After the failure has been isolated than we would start to fix the failure. When the systems has a failure than it must initiate the procedure which will allow the system to reconfigure. This will allow its primary function to fail and reset to a simpler function, mitigating any unacceptable failure consequence. It will control the system without forcing sacrifice desired, but uninsurable, capabilities. After the system reconfigured it will go through the recovery phase and be integrated back in to the system. Network partition is where all paths between two sites contain a failed or broken link. The network partition will divide the operational sites into two or more component, where ever two sites within the component can communicate but cannot communicate with the components in other sites. When the links are repaired, communications is reestablished between the sites where messages could not exchanges messages thereby merging components. Some was to reduce the probability of a network partition is to design a highly connected network, where the failure of few sites and links will not disrupt all the paths between any pair of sites, This requires the use of more components and cost more money. Sometimes the networks topology is could be constrained by other factors, like geography and communication medium. We are limited in the way we can avoid partitions networks. There are a lot of advantages of having a distributed system. Like being able to connected remote users, have higher speed and for the most part it is reliable the system need to know how to handle the errors and failures correctly so it can fix them quickly and easily. References Microsoft. (2014). Distrbuted Recovery Chapter 7. Retrieved from http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/people/philbe/chapter7.pdf Wikipedia. (2014). Centralized Systems. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralized_system

Access to Bank Credit to Small and Medium Enterprises Essay

Finance function is the most important of all business functions. It remains a focus of all business activities. Financing SMEs has acquired enormous importance in contemporary world of finances. This is primarily due to the national focus and priority of various countries – developed and developing ones as well. In the Sri Lankan context , the government has provided impetus to the authorities to increasingly cater to the emerging financial needs of the SMEs. Bank and Institutional finance are expected to be made available on easy and flexible terms and conditions and on priority basis. Small and Medium Enterprises(SMEs) are hit by poor access to funds. This can be overcome if financial institutions are able to assess firm- specific and general risks and offer innovative products. This as per my personal opinion can be achieved by the formal financial institutions even when the so called sound credit principles are applied in a firm-specific manner to suit individual borrowers. In order to obtain bank credit, SME loan applicant shall prepre an effective credit proposal ,in a way, that the financial institution could consider favourably. See more: Beowulf essay essay SMEs such as restaurants, lathe-work shops, brick-kilns, grocery stores, rice mills, factories and farming etc. need finance to purchase capital goods and raw materials, procure stocks, pay wages ,meet other working capital requirements and support expansion plans. Despite the efforts of the Government and support from the Ministry of Finance and Planning and the Central Bank of Sri Lanka by including SME as a priority sector and by providing refinance facilities , there continue to be a huge demand supply mismatch in SME financing. One of the major reasons for banks being unable to bridge this gap is the perceived credit risk involved in financing SMEs. This is primarily due to non-availability of proper accounting records, valid bills and working capital management etc. As at present,to mitigate such credit risks , banks typically look for enhanced collateral or equity , both of which cannot be brought in by most entrepreneurs . Further, due to small size and local presence of SMEs , the transaction costs involved in financing them are relatively very high. However, the good news is that wider credit distribution could be made to SME sector using modern secured transaction law ,introduced recently by the Secured transactions Act 2009, which recognizes utilization of movable assets of a business as collateral to obtain credit. Further the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka(CA Sri Lanka)in its capacity as the sole accounting standard setting authority in the country has introduced a simplified financial reporting standard for the benefit of the SMEs in the country. The reporting framework so far has been a general setoff accounting standards to be used by all organisations . In 2011 CA Sri Lanka published the Sri Lanka accounting standards for SMEs (SLFRS for SMEs) with effect from 1st January, 2012. By removing some accounting treatments permitted under full SLFRSs, eliminating topics and disclosure requirements that are not generally relevant to SMEs , and simplifying requirements for recognition and measurement, the SLFRS for SMEs reduces the volume of accounting treatments applicable to SMEs by more than 90% when compared with the full set of SLFRSs. SLFRS for SMEs would be applicable for the entities that do not have public accountability (listed companies) and publish general purpose financial statements for external users such as Banks and supplier creditors. This will greatly help SME entrepreneurs to access other organizations in a formal manner and enhance their businesses, once they commence practicing this accounting reporting procedure. In the face of the bank’s reluctance to lend for want of proper accounting records , these enterprises are compelled to resort to high cost, non-continuous financing from money lenders and other informal sources , or continue to operate at sub-scale. However when SMEs start practicing and using above two facilities ( provisions in the Secured Transactions Act 2009 and the simplified SME Accounting recording procedure) the problem of enjoying credit from formal institutions such as Banks will be greatly reduced. Risks faced by any business can be broadly classified as idiosyncratic or systemic. Idiosyncratic risks are specific to an enterprise , like skill of entrepreneur or location of business. Systemic risks on the other hand , are beyond the control of any enterprise Such risks make up the environment in which a business operates ,that is, the economic environment, social environment, fiscal environment etc.. Thus the systemic risk involves risks due to change in preference of customers, changes in economy and changes in tax structure etc. Therefore the key to financing any enterprise lies in the ability of the borrower submitting his credit proposal with relevant information necessary o financier to evaluate the loan applicant to manage the risks involved in the proposed business. High quality origination can help evaluate idiosyncratic risks specific to the enterprise, well. Traditional form of risk mitigation is to cushion the risks with as much as equity from the entrepreneur. A high quality local financier with geography and business specific information about such enterprises in the operational area will be able to evaluate and manage this risk well and will demand less equity to be brought in by the entrepreneurs. Systemic risks, however, are quite different from the firm-specific risks and are arising out of the changes taking place in the market characteristics. It affect the business in every aspect and as such is huge and no amount of equity is sufficient when the financier is uncertain about an enterprise selling anything at all in the environment where demand patterns and economic situations can change very quickly. Therefore particularly in financing procurement of capital goods for long periods ,the banks search for cues to establish that the business has a current and future ability to service loans, even in an uncertain business environment. Hence in financing acquisition of capital goods it takes the form of project evaluation , however small is the business. Such situations can be managed by local bank branch which is quite familiar with the market environment of the locality. Thus the turnover and the other financials can be projected by the local bank branch staff in a more realistic manner using their knowledge in customer preferences and scale of demand in the area. This helps banks to reduce the risk involved in project loan type term finance. Further more flexible and innovative evaluation techniques have to be used in considering term loans for SMEs. However, SME enterprises that have large number of cash transactions , poor record of sales, produce undifferentiated goods and lack known usual clients , assessment of systemic risk becomes very difficult. Such challenges, however, can be addressed through structures , that allow financiers to trap cash flows by imposing conditions in the loan offer letter that permit resorting to a stronger and well established sales pattern in a supply chain. Some ways of financing working capital needs of SME businesses are supply chain financing where a supplier and a buyer have maintained books of accounts properly can be financed. For example , small enterprises that manufacture and supply sauces, jam and the like to large enterprises such as supermarkets can be financed if their cash flows are reconciled with bills , or by obtaining a collateral /guarantee from the company to which it supplies. Banks also can finance similar transactions of SMEs by discounting Bills of Exchange drawn by the supplier( SME entrepreneur ) and accepted by the large enterprise to which supplies have been made. This provides part of necessary working capital needs of the enterprise enabling it to continue production at an enhanced scale.

Fdi Impact to China Economy Essay

The successful in attracting FDI is due to the provision on both the internal and external specific country advantages. It secures cheap labor cost and the availability of raw materials as well as securing the opportunity on exploring the domestic market potential. It is probably a more important factor for service sector to get closer to the market being served in order to meet and understand local needs and tastes. Foreign investors not only achieve benefit from tax breaks and incentives, China has also reduced many of its import quotas which may ensure the security and continuity on accessing to markets, to a certain extent. In addition, they can operate in a low cost base for export to third countries which is a key motive for many firms. However, there exists a dilemma. It is believable that foreign capital has played a largely positive role in China’s economic development while, in contrary, there concerns FDI may bring detrimental effect. The benefits generated from FDI not just only help solving the capital shortage problem of the economy but also to augment the various aspects such as technologies, human capital, and operations etc as well. The opposition that concerns negative impacts on China’s development claims that foreign capital inflows may substitute for domestic savings and FDI makes worst the balance-of-payment deficits thereby rising debt repayment obligations. Moreover, the transition to a market economy has failed to protect workers with a minimum of social security benefits. The local worker has lost originally guarantee to full and lifetime employment that they were recruited and allocated through centralized system as well as achieving related benefits of housing, health care, childcare and pensions offering by the state. As such, unemployment became a feature of Chinese labor market. Under the following analysis, its aim is to work out how Chinese local workers have lost or gained while foreign direct investment in China has brought great benefits both to the nation and the multinationals. 2. Background Before the announcement of mainland China to its â€Å"Open Door† policy in 1978, it was a centrally planned economy. Large enterprises were state-owned and they were required to produce according to the plan rather than market demand. They were also responsible for the provision of welfare, pensions, schooling and hospitals for their local communities. Under the plan, the internal management structures of the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) were constrained and the accounting system, which functioning the allocation of assets for central authorities, was not designed to identify profitability. The economic reforms in China took place since the late 1970s and it has been a market being sought to enter by many multinational firms recently. The active government promotion through various policy measures resulted that foreign direct investment (FDI) in China has grown rapidly since then. During the first ten years of the reform period (1978-1988), China’s GDP grew at an average rate of around 10% per annum and its share of world trade doubled during the decade of the 1980s as well. From the period of the early 1980s to late 1990s, contracted FDI inflow to China grew from about US$1. 5 billion a year to more than US$40 billion a year in 1999. The rate of economic growth was even higher in the fist half of the 1990s.

Universe

For this week's essay it was asked of me to write about the ways in which life observed In nature can yield understanding In our own lives. From my own observation of nature I have learned that everyone has a role to play In life. No matter how small of a creature: there is something vital that it does for our existence. In the following paragraphs I will be explaining this a bit more into detail. To make my perspective a bit more clear I will be providing a few examples. For example ants, ants are such small creatures and without doing any research hind; what ecological importance does an ant have?Honestly I can't think of any Important roles an ant may have for our ecosystem so I did a bit of research. Ants turn and aerate the solo allowing water and oxygen to reach plant roots; they are also a very important part of the food web. Some species of ants eat termites: others are the actual meal for other animals such as frogs, bears, etc. Zebra mussels are small triangle shaped shells and are usually a brown color with stripes. In fresh water ecosystems they can act as filters for plankton, by clearing the eater sunlight can reach deeper Into the water; this lets more aquatic animals to grow.Although they do provide benefits to our ecosystem they can also be very damaging; they can clog pipes, they eat phytoplankton which leaves less food for fish and zooplankton. They tend to grow on manmade structures which affect the governments and business owners financial troubles. In my opinion difficulty plays an important role in our life; if we don't experience the bad things how will we know what the good things are? I think that the hardships e face not only help us realize the good things in life but also help us learn to appreciate them.In my experience the sports adage – No pain, no gain Is true. To me It means that nothing worthwhile Is ever going to be easy. Is the gain ever worth the pain? Yes, yes it is. For example, I am in a long distance relationship right now. My boyfriend currently resides in Colorado while I'm living in Arizona. It's definitely hard to be so far apart and not see each other that often and we both make sacrifices on each ends and it's a struggle sometimes but in the end it's Roth It.As far as what type of gain it has to be In order to be worthwhile Ill have to say that that's subjective to each person. In conclusion, from observing nature I have learned that even when it doesn't seem like we have a role to play we do have one. God has a plan for us and we should trust that, also even the smallest things can make a huge impact in our lives.

Genetically Modified Foods Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Genetically Modified Foods - Research Paper Example However, despite the perceived benefits of reengineering foods, debates have ensued on the safety of genetically modified foods with critics arguing that such food could pose health risks to human beings. This essay expounds on genetically modified foods. Researchers have identified that people’s choice of consuming such foods is influenced by attitudes, pragmatic considerations, and personal circumstances. Although some people desist from GM products with no facts, researchers have identified that the foodstuffs may have some negative effects. The effects touch on environmental hazards, human health risks, and economic consequences. For instance, some of the genetically modified crops have caused damage to other organisms. Genetically modified foods may also cause allergy to some people that may be fatal (Forman, 2010). There have been cases of allergy development in children across Europe and the United States to foods such as peanuts. The process of establishing GM foods and the eventual presentation to the market has been long with substantial use of resources. Researchers and consumer advocates have claimed that this may lead to unbearable seed prices. Genetically modified foods have numerous advantages. For example, genetically modified foods are resistant to cold and plants, such as tobacco, strawberries, and potato have been modified to be resistant to frost by the introduction of the antifreeze gene. The antifreeze genes enable plants withstand the low temperatures, thus allowing crop production to take place throughout the year (Edwards, 2010). Nutritional improvement is another positive aspect of genetically modified foods. The genetic modification of foods is appropriate because food like rice, which is a common diet in most countries could be modified genetically and supply the essential nutrients that will enable individuals feed on a balanced diet. This will also aid in

Abortion Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Abortion - Coursework Example Because the political parties are not fairly represented, the results from the poll will lean on pro-abortion (Knull, 2002). The questions asked in the polls may also contain misleading information and, therefore, result in biased polls. The questions are often vague and receive different interpretations from the respondents, which result in indecisive responses. In the context of abortion, words such as a few or some mean different things to respondents. In this case, most respondents will respond to some of a few cases of abortion being illegal or legal as opposed to those who respond to abortion being illegal or legal in all cases (Susan, 2007). Additionally, lack of information makes the polls flawed. An assumption, for example, that the respondents in a poll are aware of the mandate established in Roe v. Wade and the consequences of overturning this decision may significantly affect responses. Misunderstandings of the issues surrounding the debate on abortion and the individual’s personal perception of the issues may taint responses used in these polls. Therefore, these polls do not represent the true position of respondents on the debate on abortion (Adamek,

Developing Materials for Reading and Writing Skills Essay

Developing Materials for Reading and Writing Skills - Essay Example Developing Materials for Reading and Writing Skills On the other hand, the skill of writing is difficult when compared to reading because writing requires more effort in terms of correctness of grammar, use, or appropriacy of expression, punctuation, spelling, and of comprehension on the reader's part. But, I think if a reader has world knowledge and has a habit of reading a range of texts across different domains, s/he will be able to comprehend unfamiliar texts with ease. This paper is presented with an assumption that reading texts of various genres is likely to enhance the writing ability of a student because a fluent reader's word knowledge as well as knowledge of the academic texts is considered to be high, as aptly reported by (Kintsch, 1998) that skilled readers are good decoders with an ability to recognize words twice as fast as unskilled readers. Therefore, I believe that the teacher's approach towards classroom instruction should focus on various academic genres, and in integrating reading and writing skills that help students develop relevant academic vocabulary used across various disciplines. Studies also indicate that readers' knowledge in a domain helps in understanding the text better than readers with little or no knowledge in a domain (Sampson, 2003). However, the ever changing scenario in education and teaching approaches nudges the students to learn various reading and writing strategies that would help them succeed academically. At the same time, teachers and researchers continue to churn out various curricula, and device a variety of reading strategies in order to determine the most effective strategy that would help students to be effective learners. Though, these strategies (Simpson, 2000) were assumed to be part of a hidden curriculum, realizing their importance various studies have been carried out since 1960 till today by researchers. As (Simpson, 2000) pointed out that "The advantages of teaching strategies within a context are numerous. Students can learn how to define and interpret academic tasks, establish goals, and select the appropriate strategies, and then evaluate the utility of those strategies in relationship to the specific contexts". Along side, latest research trends and best practices continue to evolve based on sound theory and research. The skill of reading The purpose of reading can be classified into two categories depending on what they are read for - for pleasure or for information. Similarly, the purpose of reading varies from situation to situation and from text to text. Since reading is an active process, a reader's understanding of any text depends on the application of mental faculties. Therefore, the reader should have the knowledge of the writing system, the language, the ability to interpret, the knowledge of the world and a reason for reading. Thus, while reading a reader interacts with a text decodes it and constructs meaning. In the process, what the reader constructs depends on what the writer writes. On the contrary, poor or passive readers lack certain abilities as (Farr, 2003) stated that poor readers fail to relate with background knowledge, make interpretations, or understand the purpose of reading, in short they do not think while reading. A number of reading strate

Individual projects- movie review or consumption Journal Essay

Individual projects- movie review or consumption Journal - Essay Example The film reaches two important conclusions. First, it will take a lot of time and effort to come out of the energy crisis. The problem can not be solved quickly. Secondly, people doing their bit on individual level would hardly ever manage to make any difference. In order to take solid steps towards the solution of this problem, collective effort needs to be made on national as well as international level. Survival is only possible if Earth contains sufficient resources to meet the needs of humans. In order to make sure it does, we had better become serious! I like that images in this movie have been chosen to intensify the alarming mood of the movie. While talking of massive fuel consumption, the clip shows dial machine with numbers rolling up too fast to be readable followed by a picture of the roads crowded with traffic. What I don’t like about the movie is that occasionally, voice of the speaker merges with the background effects and the audience can not clearly listen. I disagree with the statement made in the movie that â€Å"no amount of solar or wind or even nuclear is gonna allow us to continue living this way of life† (â€Å"The End of Suburbia†). I disagree with this statement for two reasons.

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING FOR BUSINESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING FOR BUSINESS - Essay Example The Debenhams brand trades through 239 stores in 28 countries and is available online in 67 countries. Customers can also shop through smartphones, tablet computers and other mobile devices as well as more traditional sales channels such as catalogues and by telephone. Debenhams flexible approach means that they can tailor their product range to meet the demands of a particular local market or channel. The company’s main business consists in selling fabric items and clothing for men, women and kids’. The company, by applying prudent marketing techniques, has been able to grab the market share in UK as shown in the figure above. Delivering a compelling customer proposition is a key part of our strategy. Debenhams’ offer is unique as they combined of their own brands, international and concession brands. It is exclusive through core and designer own brands which account for almost half of everything that they sell. It is differentiated through Designers at Debenhams, a portfolio of diffusion brands from some of the UK’s top fashion designers. Debenhams also give their customers the wide choice of product categories that they expect from a department store. Debenhams has also been actively involved in the business of marketing and selling jewelry and other ornaments items which have earned the company immense revenue in the past few years. Through its unmatchable product quality, Debenhams is now regarded as one of the finest when it comes to high end fashion merchandise. The financial outlook of the company also looks quite stable. During the financial year of 2012, the company has been able to increase its revenue 1.% to a striking  £2.229 billion also the operating profit of the company grew steady with 6.9%. In addition, the financial ratio analysis of the company and the comparison of the company with its competitor also show that a

Homelessness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Homelessness - Essay Example A nurse can also create awareness of where people can go to visit such people through websites and also asking for help from non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Campaigning for gender equality for the women feel the burden the most. Such women do not have people to depend on .Therefore, to make them feel as a part of the society, having campaigns to educate people on gender equality would help to curb such situation (The Homeless Hub, 2015). At personnel levels, a registered nurse should support and encourage reorganization of such people by the government through the set policies. A nurse should also join campaigns like ‘walk the talk† which are meant to assist on reduction of racism which is one of major factors that has led to increase in aboriginal homeless population. It is also necessary to create change in the community systems to enable people treat homeless population as part of society and involving them in projects that will reduce their cultural and historical trauma (Somerville,

Justification of Political Authority Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Justification of Political Authority - Essay Example However, some thinkers do not perceive the attitude of subjects toward such authority as the decisive factor. Thus, Thomas Hobbes and John Austin argue that political authority in the de facto sense simply amounts to the capacity of an individual or community to maintain public order as well as secure the obedience of most people by issuing commands backed by sanctions. Consequently, the legitimacy of authority as perceived by subjects is not important and any entity that is de facto performs the function of authority is always justified (Hobbes 1668). Another essential aspect of the authority debate is its distinction from political power. In politics it is a common practice to use the terms power and authority interchangeably though the meaning of these terms is different. The difference lies mainly in the fact that 'authority' involves a claim of justification and legitimate right to exercise power over the subjects while 'power' implies a mere ability to achieve certain goals and does not necessarily involve a claim of justification and/or legitimacy (Arendt, 1968). Thus, political power relates to the state's ability to get citizens to act in a certain manner even despite their reluctance. Furthermore, political power does not require a positive attitude from the subjects and does not depend on its actual success at securing public order. Threats and offers are the key elements of political power: "Evidently, for the state to have de facto authority or legitimate authority requires that the state have the power to compel those subjects who do not wish to go along. This is necessary for the state's ability to maintain public order and to assure those who do see it as an authority that it will be able to do what it is supposed to do" (Zalta, 2004). Therefore, the term 'authority' in the meaning of political authority is more applicable for the purposes of this paper. There are a number of different discourses on the nature, legitimacy and justification of political authority. Normally, three fundamental types of conceptions about legitimacy of political authority: political authority as justified coercion, political authority as the capacity to impose duties, and political authority as the right to rule (Zalta, 2004). The first conception relies on the moral aspect in justifying a political authority which coerces the subjects. The essence of this conception is that a political authority might have the justifiable moral right to coerce its subjects. For example, a group of people may be morally justified in engaging in just a few actions of coercing others. Or a group may be morally justified in engaging in coercion more generally as in the case of a morally justified military occupation. This notion of authority does not necessarily involve duties on the part of the coerced people: on the contrary, avoiding or escaping coercion may be justified. One example of such situation could the situation of a military occupation of a state justified under the pretext of using such occupation as a tool to prevent a third power from engaging in morally unjustified aggression. Although this conception relies on moral justification of coercion used by political authority, the authority in this case is not able to either issue commands or make laws: it is justified on

Importance Of Internal And External Communication Strategies Essay

Importance Of Internal And External Communication Strategies - Essay Example There are certain factors that help in determining the effectiveness of communication strategy a corporation implements. These factors include a number of employees the message is intended for, their relationship, nature of the message and channel and the effectiveness of the feedback system. An essential aspect of internal communication is it should be concentrated as well as coordinated so that the message is well communicated and different managers and employees can be reached through this. Moreover, it must be consequent in nature and continuously transmitted. Internal communication can be further classified as work, control, change, culture and news communication. This classification segregates the nature of information and makes it more defined. Together all these kind of communication creates an integrated system of internal communication (Kalla, 2005). The strategies that have been employed by multinationals to improve internal communication are electronic communication throu gh e-mail, integrated chat platform, video-conferencing and social networks. Employees of a multinational company are encouraged to be part of different network groups within the organization (Luo and Shenkar, 2006). This helps them in understanding culture aspects of their global counterparts, gaining insight of their professional achievements and learning through knowledge sharing and transfer (Phene and Almeida, 2008). The multinationals are also active in social media circles, where employees are encouraged to participate.

Free Topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Free Topic - Essay Example The inner thoughts of the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard, form the leitmotif of story. News of a railroad accident in which Mr. Brently Mallard had supposedly died and what happens in the span of an hour afterwards form the plot. Chopin focuses on Mrs. Mallard’s unique psyche through the narrative technique of interior monologue. Her sister Josephine and Mr. Mallard’s friend Richards break the news of Mr. Mallard’s death as gently as possible. The readers are also led to believe that the news could have a devastating effect on her. She is described as responding instantaneously to the news by weeping at once, â€Å"with wild abandonment†. Contrary to many women who would have remained in a paralyzed inability to accept the news and its significance, she did let her emotions flow on a stretch. However, she went alone to her room once the storm of grief had subsided. No one was allowed to follow her there. The time she spent alone in her room happens to be the tu rning point in the story. She continued sobbing absent mindedly for a while, in a stupor-like condition. But she kept on staring outside through the open window, supposedly in a â€Å"suspension of intelligent thought†. She realized something coming to her, but was unable to realize it fully. Her demeanor changed dramatically as she realized that it is freedom that is awaiting her. She got very excited at this prospect. Even as she reflected on the necessity to weep once her husband’s dead body arrives, the state of excitement refuses to fade away from her essence of being. She thought of love as something that existed only occasionally in her relationship with her husband. Love seemed like an unsolved mystery to her while she was swept away by a possession of self-assertion. She perceives that she is free altogether now, body and soul. The twist in the end reveals that the information regarding the death of Mr. Mallard was baseless, and he turns up

Sustainability in civil engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sustainability in civil engineering - Essay Example Sustainability in civil engineering would therefore mean to have balance between these three objectives, both now and into the future. Let us take an example of the Three Gorges Dam project in China, which clearly illustrates that, lack of sustainability in Civil engineering projects could undoubtedly cause serious social and environmental issues. The proposal for a dam on the Yangtze, the world's third largest river, took shape Eighty years ago and since then it had been in the plans of the Government of China. The Three Gorges dam which in under construction currently is expected to be completed by the year 2009. Upon its completion the dam will be around 600 feet high, 1.5 miles long, and will form a reservoir which is 400 mile long, in the middle section of the Yangtze River. This is supposed to be the largest dam project in the world. This project is expected to meet four important objectives, Flood control, Generation of Power, Improved navigation on the Yangtze River and Fresh water accessibility. The reports released by the Chinese government and the concerned contractors of the Three Gorges Dam do not emph asize on the negative impacts caused by this project on the environment, atmosphere and social life. The most important impacts on the environment include deforestation, excessive emission of greenhouse gases, loss of aquatic life and severe impact on water quality. When the project is completed there would be a dynamic change in the silt levels and water temperature. Due to this extensive silting the anticipated positive benefits of improved navigation and Energy production are questioned. The Yangtze River is known for its extreme silt content. The silt settled down at the bottom of the reservoir would slow down the water flow. Thus, the silt which has formed upstream would reduce the navigation. And the silt that gathers near the dam may reduce effective power generation. The environmental changes that occur during the construction of the Three Gorges Dam would also cause a significant loss of the aquatic, plant and wildlife species. The Chinese Academy of Sciences Mountainous Di saster and Environment Institute has divided the natural and social ecology and environment into 78 subsystems varying from climatology to terrestrial fauna. According to a study conducted by them, the report says that the Three Gorges Dam would affect nine subsystems positively, six of them neutrally and sixty three subsystems negatively. While we see the above environmental implications of the Three Gorges project, the social implication of this project involves the relocation and resettlement of more than a million people from the Yangtze basin area. The Chinese government initially estimated this number to be lesser than 0.75 million while the real number lies somewhere between 2-4 millon. The problem that might arise due to this is, most of the people who will be relocated are peasants and they are to be compensated by providing them with new lands. However, the lack of land in the area and high erosion levels make this impossible. Therefore, The Three Gorges dam which

North Korea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

North Korea - Essay Example The conditions of the prisons are pitiable. The government does not pay any attention to the malnutrition, people of the state are facing. Executions are carried out in public. Many people escape to China for survival but have to face severe punishments if caught (Amnesty International USA, 2007). North Korea has been given the worst freedom house rating, a score of 7-7. It is known as the worst violator of human rights. A lot of people have died of malnutrition and the government focuses on its own needs only (Freedom House, n.d.). The corruption perception index ranks various countries based on the level of corruption in their public offices. Because of the absence of required sets of data, North Korea has never been included in the CPI's (Transparency International, 2007). Economy The currency of North Korea is the North Korean won. GDP of a country is an estimate of its economy. North Korea has a GDP of $1,900 per capita. GDP (real growth rate) is 1.6%. GDP (purchasing power parity) is $40 billion. GDP per sector is: Agriculture - 30% Industry - 34% Services - 36% An estimate of the labor force is 10 million with 36% into agriculture and 64% in industry and services. The major agricultural products are rice, corn, potatoes, soybeans, pulses; cattle, pigs, pork, eggs and major industries are related to military products; machine building, electric power, chemicals; mining, metallurgy; textiles, food processing. The country receives an external food aid of $81.11 million. The external debt is of $12 billion. Total export is of $1.437 billion and total import is of $3.181 billion (CIA,... The Democratic People's Republic of Korea came into existence in 1948. Since independence the communist Korean Worker’s Party has ruled the country. The government of the country, under the leadership of Kim Jong Il, exhibits true dictatorship. There is a scarcity of food. Any person showing disrespect to KWP has to face tortures or even death penalties. The conditions of the prisons are pitiable. North Korea is in critical economic and political situation. There is a need to introduce new economic reforms to stabilize the financial condition of the country. Laws must be crafted for the benefit of the society and for reducing the crime rate. New technologies need to be adopted for the development of the country and independence from the external financial aids. With the world’s least free economy figure of 3%, North Korea holds 157th place out of 157 countries. No international authority is allowed to collect country’s economic information. North Korea has corruption rooted in every individual’s job profile. Government uses unlawful means of earning money, burdened with heavy international debts. There is no freedom of business or trade outside or within the country.

Practice Ethically and Challenge Equality Case Study

Practice Ethically and Challenge Equality - Case Study Example Jane Schulz (2007) argues that ethics is â€Å"a set of moral principles or values†. Discussions regarding the origins of ethics and values have stirred debates in more than one way. It is especially hard to conclude whether they are inherited, learned by experience or both. As a nurse who performs direct patient care in the community, I have witnessed the best and worst of ethical behaviors in both my clients and other health staffs in different settings. On more than one occasion,   I have had to acknowledge my own ethical value system, challenge it, and develop it throughout my life but never so much as I have since I began my nursing career. The reflection will highlight NMC, NOS and produce evidence within the practice evidence criteria, using Gibbs (1988) to help me present my reflection in a natural sequence of events. The framework is iterative and enables me to ask myself a series of questions at stopping points, to help me put the experience in an organized manner. In order to respect the service user’s confidentiality in concordance with the Nursing & Midwifery Council (2004; 2008) code of professional conduct – point 5.1. The author shall refer to the service user as ‘Kendal’ throughout this essay. I first met Kendal in his house in sequence to an internal reference from our team to support him with dental hygiene/health check to follow up with his anxiety medication. He is one of my direct allocated cases; he is from the Caribbean, aged 23 and nonverbal. Kendal uses limited speech and can be very challenging at times. Staffs are unsure of what to do and how to support him as he was found to be harming himself most of the time. Staff thought that he could be expressing dental pain and hence, he was referred to our team. I responded to his needs appropriately by reading out more information to him that were uploaded from previous professionals on FRAMEWORK I.

Proposal assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Proposal assignment - Research Paper Example Normally, employees in Genovia Technology Solutions do not live near the company. This calls for travelling every morning to the workplace. As a result of the distance, they usually consume a lot of fuel and money in order to be able to commute daily. Also, there is reduced flexibility due to the hustles and bustles of going to work in the morning and coming back late, and this inconveniences those people who have families. They cannot have quality time with their families. Telecommuting entails working from a location that can be regarded as remote, mostly from home. It entails the work arrangement where employees work without having to commute to the central workplace. This technology requires installation of telecommunication devices like a fax machine, internet and telephone. Also, the web conferencing capabilities allow employees to participate in all the business meetings. This project will entail installation of the telecommuting equipment, modem, phone, pager, and fax machine by Genovia Company, and the telecommuter should provide an office space which is free of distraction (Grensing-Pophal 25). The workers will be more productive; working at home will have few distractions because the company needs only to set up the production goals and what the workers should achieve by the end of the day. The company will reach the team members irrespective of the physical location; it is easier to reach members through the internet using collaboration software and other remote control apps. The company will conserve the office space and save money; the remote workers will be using their own water, electricity and other bills that the company would have paid. Reduced time in IT management and the equipment costs; apart from installation of security to check on the devices logging in to the company’s network, other expenses like the computer

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example for Free

Annotated Bibliography Essay Based upon the journalist research of web based learning environment and different learning styles; it seems that web based learning environment is an excellent medium for enhancing learning, due to its ability to adjust to individual student learning styles and preferences. The article investigates the impact of students learning style and their performance. Online degrees have increased since 2006. More learners are becoming more technologically savvy, and it is those learners that are technologically inept, who relies on instructional design from classroom settings and interaction with instructors and peers. The investigation leads to the assessment and learning style on student achievement in a Web based learning environment. If it was just a matter of instructional learning it would be a good fit for all, however, all does not possess technology abilities. If all learners had these abilities, web based learning styles would increase. Web based instructional design modules are not conclusive to certain learning styles. Consideration should be given to the learners characteristics whether the learner is able to grasp the material via the web based instruction. Learners should consider their learning style, motivational level, ability to interact with the instructor and their peers. However, without these abilities, students’ learning styles will be impacted because they lack the abilities to learn via web based instruction modules. Lai, I K. W. Lam, F.K.S. (2010). Perception of various performance criteria by stakeholders in the construction sector in Hong Kong. Research is conducted to examine different points of views of the importance of performance outcomes in a construction project in Hong Kong. ANOVA was used to analyse the data relative to how the performances were measured. Performances were measured using a performance criteria starting with the most important first, which is time. Timely completion of a project would prevent loss of revenue and penalities to the contractor. Lai and Lam noted that construction projects require concise planning, and are  divided between the consultant and the contractor. However, each par ty plays a significant part in the projects’ success. The difference between the client and the contractor; the client usually push for timely completion and would offer an incentive bonus for timely completion, however, the contractor would prefer a reasonable duration of time, therefore to avoid penalities to the contractor. The client, consultant, and the contractor, all parterner together to make the project a success by bringing job satisfaction, quality, safety, environment, generation of innovative ideas, performance criteria, and effectiveness to the project. Avoiding any mishaps that will delay or keep the project from running smoothly. Williams, A BTM7101-8 Activity 6, pg 2 The results of the research found that time was the most important factor of the project and should be taken into consideration early on in the planning process, and certain allowances should be factored into the budget, such as time constraints, delays, and mishaps that could happen during the construction of the project. References Wang, K.H., Wang, J.H., Wang, W.L. Huang, S.C. (2006) Learning styles and formative assessment strategy: enhancing student achievement in Web-based learning Wang T., Wang K., Wang W., Huang S. Chen S. (2004) Web-based Assessment and Test Analyses (WATA) system: development and evaluation. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 20, 59–71 Ford N. Chen S. (2000) Individual differences, hypermedia navigation and learning: an empirical study. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia 9, 281–312. Seckel, S. (2007 Characteristics and Responsibilities of Successful e-Learners LAI, I. K. W. (2010). Perception of Various performance criteria by stateholders in the construction sector in Hong kong. Assaf, S.A. and Al-Hejji, S. (2006) Causes of delay in large construction projects. International Journal of Project Management, 24(4), 349-57. Naoum, S. (2003) An overview into the concept of parternering . International Journal of Project Management 21(1), 71-6. PAH (2008) Project Administration Handbook for Civil Engineeering Works, 2008 Edition.

Industrial Development and Western Expansion’s Effect on US Farmers Essay Example for Free

Industrial Development and Western Expansion’s Effect on US Farmers Essay True, the United States of America’s surge in industrial development and western expansion were indeed crucial factors that led to protests by farmers. This is evidenced by many different events that occurred during the time when industrialization was most in focus in the United States. This onset of industrial boom occurred some time between the 18th century and the 20th century. The fist thing that should be tackled here in order for one to understand the truth behind the initial statement of this essay is the Western United States. This refers to the westward expansion of the United States. Because of the demand for more land, the rich prairie lands of the west proved to be a lucrative source for larger areas of development. Many chose to pursue a life in the west and resided there. America’s expansion towards its west allowed more than 400 million acres of free land to be utilized for whatever purposes could be thought of by its new owners. This had numerous implications for the American citizen, most especially to the American farmer. Land became available in bulk over night. However, despite this availability, farmers and farm labor decreased by at least 30% during this stage. This decrease in production may have been due to the increase in individuals who could provide satisfaction to the market’s demand for agricultural products. Thus greater production also led to lower costs for the said products on the agricultural market. Farmers found themselves unable to compete with this change. The industrial development which had already begun at that time also contributed to this. Farmers found themselves unable to deal with industrialization. The industrialization of the agricultural industry meant new innovations, new machines. Some of these innovations included railroads which allowed the harvested agricultural products to reach the market more quickly. Other innovations such as the refrigerator allowed for preservation of the produce. Farm yields now reached more distant places but could also now be processed in factories to last longer. This meant that the farmers were up against a major competitor in the food industry, markets and globalization. Local family farms found themselves unable to keep up with the tide of new instruments. Although machines were available for them to work more efficiently such as the reaper, the steal plow, and the harvester, these were not enough for the greater capabilities of factories and national manufacturers. The marginalization of the individual farmer in the face of westward expansion and industrial development brought much distress and discontent. Protests were held and many voiced their frustration at the economical change that seemed to have happened over night. Farmer organizations such as The Grange and Farmers Alliance were established. These worked to demand regulations, protective tariffs, trade policies, conservative monetary policies and the like. It is clear from the evidence given that westward expansion and industrial development truly were factors in the protests of farmers. Whether these two issues proved to have good results in the long run is a different matter. It is sufficient to say that these caused much discontent in farmers at the time enough so that they rose in protest. References Cowan, Ruth Schwartz (1997) A Social History of American Technology, New York: Oxford University Press Hindle, B. Lubar, S. (1986) Engines of change: the American industrial revolution, Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press Meyer, D. (1989). Midwestern industrialization and the american manufacturing belt in the ineteenth century. The Journal of Economic History, 49(4), 921-937 Shannon, F. (1950). The status of the midwestern farmer in 1900. The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 37(3), 491-510

Business Continuity Planning Pros and Cons

Business Continuity Planning Pros and Cons Advantages and Disadvantages of Business Continuity Planning In a Financial Organization under the Incident Command System Abstract This research paper is primarily focused on highlighting the specific pros and cons of a business continuity plan that is used in a financial organization under the incident management system. The advantages associated with the use of incident command systems in a BCP in any financial organization are paramount including being able to install preventive and corrective measures that can either reduce partial or complete impact in cases of disruptions. However still there exist some cons associated with its usage i.e. fast amounts of time required for its implementation, asset acquisition and in most cases the size of the organization might hinder the implementation of an incident command system. Introduction A business continuity plan is very critical in the facilitation of the smooth running of the organization or guidelines that can help recover from disruptions hence ensuring the provision of services even in cases of disturbances. The process focuses on assessment and identification of all the potential threats that might disrupt service delivery and their potential impacts with the aim of creating measures to ensure the resilience of the system. Technology should enable recovery of applications from disruptions and other critical data through the disaster recovery plan. An incident command system is the technical developments for a given company that entails its main functionality being to mitigate the impacts of the unforeseen incidents that can result in loss of critical data. Business continuity planning are corrective measures established in an organization or an institution to govern the daily and future activities within it (Ramakrishnan et al., 2015). These measures are for ensuring that there is smooth running of the necessary activities. Failure to establish the plan could lead to the company collapsing, low profit in the day to day sales or even shut down of the business which is a big loss to the business. Business continuity planning should be done to any organization that takes its customers or clients seriously. Continuous planning takes the owner of the business miles ahead of the other competitors within the same field (Heng, 2015). Advantages I. During planning the potential of the business booming up is established plus the possible weaknesses and challenges the company might face are outlined and effective solution are established in advance. II. The main advantage that any financial institution stands to gain from the use of an incident command system is the ability to identify potential threats and plan in advance hence avoiding suspension of critical financial operations. The threats might range from natural epidemics, cyber-attacks or just computer failures as a result of hardware or software issues. III. The financial organization has increased abilities to maintain effective coordination and to maintain the response directions. Besides, the organization can gain insights on the importance of coordination of resources and the ability to identify the incident priorities. IV. The financial institution has a good platform for testing and reviewing the most likely threat hence allowing for coordination of BCP with external stakeholders. V. The long-term use of incident command systems is an advantage in itself as it leads to gaining of experience hence I the long run will lead to higher efficiency in restoration and fast recoveries. However, the full implementation becomes a disadvantage as it is time-consuming. VI. The financial section of the organization if it implements the recovery systems well can work as a competitive advantage as it safeguards against financial losses of the organization VII. Although this is later on stipulated as a disadvantage, it can still be an advantage. Incident command system can be used to accomplish tasks that people couldnt do in disaster prone areas hence preventing payment disorder whereas reducing the risks associated with miscommunication between the responder. VIII. Embracing the current evolution computing technology brings efficient fast and timely delivery of the service given by the organization. This can help in record keeping and monitor the business activities. IX. Business continuity planning helps one in marking the best insurance cover that matches the criteria of business. The cover is of great help in case of disasters like fire or thefts or any other disaster that could strike the organization. X. Business continuity planning helps one building best platforms for marketing and branding of the business and products.one is in a position to establish the effective and most suitable mode of reaching out that is fault tolerant and can assure customers of uninterrupted service delivery. XI. The target audience is created. He/she is in a position to outline the reach people or group one is aiming at. This helps one avoid going out of the set individuals. Disadvantages Failure to do business continuity planning one is at a significant risk of either: I. The implementation process is often considered as tedious hence requiring professionals to handle it. Besides the organization has to employ qualified personnel to handle that. No business intends to invest heavily in preparing for unknown threats as they rather wait for it to happen then defend (Systems, 2012). II. The process of using incident command systems as a business continuity planning tool is both costly and time-consuming. This may lead to over investment of funds that could have otherwise been dedicated to other business operations. III. Business collapsing or failure that is as a result of poor management skills, techniques, and evaluation techniques. Hence, one is not in a position to establish the coming danger and ends up regretting the already outcome. IV. The death of individuals could occur after the fire, building collapsing where the insurance covers have been ignored, have not been implemented by professionals or due to lack of adequate testing of the possible scenarios. Conclusions The implementation of a business continuity plan through incident command systems has been faced with numerous advantages and disadvantages. Some of the benefits include; response, recognition of threats, competitive benefits, coordination mechanisms, experience and an excellent testing platform with the option testing and reviewing. The main disadvantages include the need for specialized skills in handling the recovery systems. In addition to this, small businesses cannot implement the system as this may result in losses through maintenance cost. However, analysis of the pros and cons suggests that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. All this indicates the importance for all financial institutions to implement the incident command system as part of the business continuity plan (Drennan, 2014). References Drennan, L., McConnell, A., Stark, A. (2014). Risk and crisis management in the public sector. 2nd ed. Routledge Taylor Francis Group London and New York. Heng, Goh Moh. (2015) Business Continuity Management Planning Methodology. International Journal Of Disaster Recovery And Business Continuity, vol 6, 2015, pp. 9-16. Science And Engineering Research Support Society, doi:10.14257/ijdrbc.2015.6.02. Ramakrishnan, R. K., Viswanathan, S. (2015). The Importance of Business Strategy in Business Continuity Planning. The Definitive Handbook of Business Continuity Management, 31-35. doi:10.1002/9781119205883.ch3 Systems, S. (2012) The CEOs Guide to Succession Planning: Managing Risk Ensuring Business Continuity. SSRN Electronic Journal. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1633523

Distinguishing personnel management and human resource management

Distinguishing personnel management and human resource management P1: Distinguish between personnel management and human resource management and discuss the historical development and changing context in which they operate?   Personnel Management:      PM is basically an administrative record functioning at operational level. PM attempts to maintain fair terms and conditions of employment while at the same time efficiently managing personnel activities for individual departments and the activities which result ultimately in achieving organizational success. Human Resource Management:- HRM is concerned with carrying out the same functional activities conventionally performed by the personnel function such as HR Planning, Job analysis, recruitment and selection, employee relations, performance management, employee appraisals, compensation management, training and development but it performs these functions in a qualitatively distinct way as compared with personnel management. History of Human Resource Management:-   The concept and name of human resource management has been changed many times throughout the history. The changes were mostly because to the change in social and economic activities throughout the history. Human resource management came to birth when industrial revolution took place in the year 1833 then the industrialist incepted to increase their production and they raised the burden of work on the employees by having 60 hours a week. The workers became fed up of this circumstance and they took decision among themselves to find out the solution for this problem. After this workers were losing interest in their work and they divided in different groups and all this caused less production. The industrialists came to know this, they straggle to satisfy the workers but however the workers were not happy with that and formed their Trade Union. Now the industrialists gave full authority to one manager. In spite of this the problems remained constant because the manager was not able to ha ndle their problems then the workers went to strike for their rights.  Ã‚  This led to the formation of personnel management. Personal management was working only when clashes arise. PM was dealing on bargaining, so this system also failed to motivate the employees, in addition PM was not able to take full control of it. The combination of wartime production demands, government wage price controls and the need to negotiate cooperative agreements forced many companies to expand their personnel staffs and control their HR practices. Such basic HR practices as job classification systems, hiring standards, uniform pay grades and written disciplinary procedures were developed for the first time by many companies.    Another early donor to HRM was called the human relations movement. Two researchers, Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger included human factors into work. This movement began as a result of a chain of studies conducted at the Hawthorne facility of Western Electric in Chicago between 1924 and 1933. The purpose of the study was to conclude the effects of illumination on workers and their output. The studies pointed out the significance of the social interaction and work group on output and satisfaction. The human relations movement eventually around the mind 1960s became a branch and a contributor to the field of organizational behavior; because of this progress all the industrialists and peoples came to know that human beings are the most valuable assets of an organization.    Human Resource Management gets more into practice as people are acknowledging from HRD and HR practices and these departments are fulfilling all the requirements of the employees, are managing all human resource and are giving full rights to every one. Now in all successful organizations there are HRM departments Shifting from Personnel Management to HRM The significant role of HRM is reflected in the transformation of the personnel management purpose from one of concentrating on employee welfare to one of managing people in a way which matches organizational and individual goals and providing employees with intrinsic and extrinsic reward. Therefore today Human Resource Management is historically known as personal management which deals with official system for the management of the people within an organization. Different Stages of shifting from Personnel Management to HRM: First stage: HRM earlier react in an even way to problems as they arise. Effective HRM seeks to connection HRM issues to the largely strategy of the organization with the most effective HRM policies and practices included into such corporate policies and strategies to strengthen or transform an organizations culture. Integration is required in two senses (1) integrating HRM issues in an organizations strategic planning (2) securing the acceptance and addition of a HRM view in the decisions of line managers. The HRM policy in worth of the various functions for example training and recruitment etc should be internally reliable Second stage:-   structure powerful cultures is a way of promoting demanding organizational goals in that a strong culture is intended at uniting employees through a shared set of managerially authorized values such as excellence   service and innovation etc. However there can be anxious between a strong organizational culture and the need to change situations and to be elastic particularly in the highly competitive and fast changing environment in which employers have to work on daily basis. Speedy change demanded by the market is sometimes tough in an organization with a strong culture.   Third stage: The mind set that people are a changeable cost is in effectual HRM which is replaced by the view that people are a resource and that as community capital it can be developed and can add to competitive advantage. Mostly it is accepted that competitive advantage is gained through well educated and trained motivated and dedicated employees at all levels. This recognition is now almost considered worldwide and important of management training and growth are the middle pillars of HRM.    Fourth stage: The view that the interests of employees and management or shareholders are different and confliction though considerably true in the past as organization which practices effective human resource management seeks to classify and promote a commonality of interests. important examples are training which enhances employment security and high earning ability for employees while at the same time rising the employees value to the enterprise goals of healthier productivity and performance pay systems which increase earnings without important labor cost increases and which at the same time endorse higher performance levels goal setting through two way communication which establishes joined goals and objectives and which provides basic rewards to the employee through a participatory process.   Fifth stage: Top to down communication tied with restricted information flow to keep power within the control of management give a way for sharing of information and knowledge. This transform facilitates the creation of faith and commitment and makes knowledge more fruitful. Control from the top is in successful HRM being replaced by increasing employee contribution and policies the ways in which the larger Japanese enterprises have installed participatory schemes and introduced information distribution and two way communication systems are instructive in this view. In enterprises that tend to have company missions and where there are fundamental values that shape their corporate culture HRM becomes a part of the strategy to attain their objectives. In some types of enterprises such as one in which permanent technological change takes place the goal of successfully managing change at short intervals often requires employee collaboration through emphasis on communication and involveme nt. Shifting of personnel management to HRM took place in three stages:   1) Records and Administration 2) Accountability Regulations 3) Competitive Advantage 1) Records and Administration In first stage the main activities which were taken out by personnel department were plan Company picnics setting up vacations enroll workers for health are exposure planning retirement parties increase diverse workforce and contain health care cost. 2) Accountability Regulations During this phase most important framework of rules and regulations started rising in the company. In 1970 the duty of the HR manger was to keep their organizations out of court. In the 1980 HR mangers had to address staffing costs linked to mergers and acquisition and downsize.   The economic issues associated to an increasingly worldwide and completive workplace characterize the 1990. 3) Competitive Advantage The aim of this shift stage is from just securing fulfillment to the more determined one of winning promise. The employee resource therefore becomes worth investing in and training and development thus assume a top profile. These initiatives are linked with or even predicated upon a propensity to shift from a collective orientation to the management of the workforce to a distinctive one.    P 2: Assess the role, tasks and activities of the human resource practitioner Human resource management plays a vital role in the success of every organization. Human resource management is concerned with the development and implementation of human resource strategies which are integrated with corporate strategies to ensure that the culture values structure of the organization quality motivation and commitment of its members contribute fully for the achievement of organizational goals. In big organizations it plays a very important and positive role in its success however it is difficult to deal with all the activities. HRM makes the quality of work life desirable in the organization.   ROLES AND TASKS OF HR Manager HR manager plays an important role in developing and maintaining polices. HR manager should motivate employees to make them fruitful for the organization. HR manager should conduct recruitment process effectively and efficiently, so that the skillful people could hire for the organization. HR manger is responsible for increasing the skills of the employees to make their performance better. HR manager should make the standards of performance so that the employees performance can be judged. HR is responsible to make a good environment in which the employees can work effectively and efficiently. HR manager should keep aware the employees about new policies of the organization and guide them. HR manager should develop a leading edge for the effective management of the people to maintain competitive advantage. HR manager should recommend the strategic direction for employees and ensure its implementation. HR manager should co-ordinate the design, implementation and administration of human resource policies and activities to ensure the availability and effective utilization of human resources for meeting the companys objectives. An Ideal HR Manager HR managers are very important for any organization because they makes polices, develop strategies directing and coordinating human resource management. The most important responsibility of HR manager is interviewing and recruiting candidates. HR manager of MOBILINK should develop its people to work hard for higher standards. HR manager of MOBILINK have to make recruitments of best talent because humans are the basic tool for having competitive edge in the market for most of the organizations. They should analyze the performance level of the employees and if they find it below standards so they have to motivate them and give them training of developing their skills to be productive for the MOBILINK organization. HR manager have to make good relationship with different departments like marketing, operation and finance and make himself aware of new updates to to prevent miscommunication. P3:- Evaluate the role and responsibilities of line managers in human resource practices? The Different roles Responsibility of line manager Line manager plays an important role in the success of HR manager. Line manager should deliver the task and responsibilities on time to the senior management. Keep informing the management about the progress in the organization. Line manager should defend the company strategy or management strategy when talking to the work group. Clear appropriate picture to the work group to keep them informed of the rules and polices and have to look out the ways to become more efficient. Line manager should set tasks and standards for the employees. Line manager should also have to provide training and development to the employees when needed. Line manager should involve group people in decision making and to understand their needs and to motivate them. Should also provide reasons for decisions and represent the view and ideas of work force to higher authorities. Line manager should maintain the good environment. Line manager have to take the following points in mind in order to make their activit ies better.   Line manager should be a positive role model Line manager should be honest to others and help the employees and give guidance about their job. Line manager should have to speak against injustice. Line manager should be self confident. M1:- Discuss how the concepts of PM and HRM are practiced in an organization? We have selected MOBILINK as an organization. The HR mission statement of MOBILINK is given as To lead the organization in enhancing its human capital and creating a winning environment where everyone enjoys contributing to the best of ones ability. HR Practices and personnel management at Mobilink: These are few of the HR and personnel management practices Recruitment   Selection Training Development Compensation   Performance Appraisal System   Occupational Health and Safety measures   Career Planning and Development   Research and Development Reward Management Employee Relations Planning: Now after the emergence of new telecom companies in the market the market becomes more competitive and employees are less loyal to the company. Whenever they get any better opportunity than the existing one they go for that which is their right. Due to this fact MOBILINK do not have any formal strategy for succession planning. They do consider the people from inside but proper success plan is not practiced in MOBILINK these days. But now due to market trends they transformed new strategies according to the management that it is not useful to invest in the employee at a larger extent. They do develop their employees for their career planning but no formal success planning is practiced. Recruitment and Selection: In MOBILINK the requirement for the new job is communicated by the respective managers to the HR department. After that the HR department looks for the possibilities of internal and external recruitment. Internal Recruitment: In MOBILINK internal recruitment is done the higher grades like managers and directors. When there is a vacancy the HR department views the past performance of the employees working at lower levels and chooses the right one to promote him/her to that position. But if there is a vacancy for managerial position and none of the suitable employee is available with in the organization then external recruitment is carried out. EXTERNAL RECRUITMENT In external recruitment the duty of line manager is to prepare a form for the job about their need in the organization. Then the role profile of that job is dent to functional director by line manager after his approval it is forward to the HR department. HR manager confirms the availability of the budget required and the cost of the advertisement for that job. After than by forecasting budget along with job profile sent to HR director for his final approval. Line and HR manager again sit together for short listing the people and the following criteria is adopt by them. Quality of earlier schooling Extra curricular activities Marks obtained Overseas travel Age Relevant experience The HR department then issue letters to the short listed candidates along with blank application forms by time date and venue for the preliminary interview and candidates is asked to bring along completed application forms. A two-member panel of HR and line management carries out the interviews managerial functional and supervisory skills. After clearing the preliminary interviews, people apply for different jobs are tested in different ways by a panel of cross functional assessors in the case of management selection. Resource management Rational decision making Communication skills Creative thinking Business development Influencing The HR department is responsible for assessments training details o rumination packages and conditions of services. Prepare letter and finalize other documents. M2: Make an effective judgment about PM and line manager responsibilities in studied organization. HR helps LINE manager in offering them coaching creating managers role plays for meetings, and providing them toolkits to refer them. In MOBILINK Peshawar they do not have formal HR department and final recruitments are done at ISLAMABD head office. They do have informal set up for hiring internees and also perform the responsibilities of HR manager in coordination with other major departments. In MOBILINK Islamabad head office they have formal HR setups for making decisions for other regions as well. Strategies are there in MOBILINK for HR manager to provide help to LINE manager in performing their job. HR manager clarify the standards, expectations, performance goals and ask line boss for his feed back regularly. HR manager of MOBILINK look ways for line manager to get him out of jams and prevent him for making serious errors. There may be some conflicts between the priorities of HR and of line management, in this situation a manager has to work hard for identifying issues and makes alternative for addressing it. HR manager when presenting bad news, try to bundle it with good news also but be careful to avoid letting problems drag for extended periods of time waiting on good news to happen. Line managers and supervisors are responsible for enforcing and promoting the work environment of dignity. They must take every action to prevent the unsuitable behavior. Line managers and HR managers are expected to communicate clearly to their staff members about their policies of harassment, discipline etc. MOBILINK is considering having the best HR in PAKISTAN and they have retained this edge. According to the judgment the HR department of MOBILINK is achieving their desired results. They have a good relationship with the different departments like finance, marketing etc. D1: Evaluate the roles and responsibilities of HR manager and line manager in the organization as compared to their ideal role. The HR manager of MOBILINK is performing well against the ideal situation. HR manager is good in communication and makes people understand that what he is saying. Manager also has the knowledge of principles and procedure of recruitment and also effective and efficient in providing the services to customers and personnel. HR manager is a good speaker and also have the ability to recognize what the other person is saying and also have strong working relationship internally and externally. HR manager is pleasant with other employees on the job and displaying a cooperative attitude. The standard for the ideal manager are SELF MOTIVATION The person that the manager is hiring for the job has to be capable of doing work without the close supervision of the boss. Communication skills Confidence and personality plays important role in the abilities of manager to communicate. Manager should be capable of clear communication with their fellow managers customers and employees. GREAT CUSTOMER SERVICE SKILLS Manager should be excellent in dealing with clients and customers. Manager should have the skills to make the difficult customer happy. So in that way the organization can hold their customer and business can grow. CONFLICTS RESOLUTION Manager should be capable of handling conflict in the organization. Manager need to be calm and able to identify and listening issues discuss it resolve it and followed up. Its important for a follow up check to ensure there are no further problems. SETTING GOALS Manager need to focus on a specific goal and able to assign the tasks to the employees. RESPONSIBILITY Managers responsible for ensuring the tasks assignments and dead line needed to be met and hire appropriate people and handle the situation which tends to be profitable in the end. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ORGANISATION A manager should have all the knowledge about the organization so that he/she would be capable of giving answers to their clients customers and staff members. LEADERSHIP SKILLS Managers should have strong leadership skills. Managers are the leaders in work place. Manager need to be a good speaker and assigning tasks. Manager should also be able of handling group of people and should lead the group or team in the right direction. D2: Suggest recommendations for realistic improvement against the defined Human resource is one of the most exciting and challenging departments of the organizations. People are very important in any organization. MOBILINK has a strong HR system and therefore we did not found many drawbacks in their HR practices. There are some but it can be better by little effort. RECOMMENDATIONS Following are some recommendations based upon our analysis. We observed that employees are not aware of their depth policies o the employee are lacking in the knowledge about policies which is the responsibility of HR manager to aware them. MOBILINK HR should have to monitoring and measuring employee s performance. HR lacks in terms of career planning and development so MOBILINK has to recognize this function in their policy statement. MOBILINK should have to increase in its recruitment sources so that they will not loose the potential candidates. HR manager should have to make clear communication with their lower staff which in terms makes the organization beneficial.

Toni Morrison and Charlotte Perkins Gilman :: comparison compare contrast essays

Toni Morrison and Charlotte Perkins Gilman    In this age of electric cars, flying machines, and Chinese take-out, it is easy to let certain every-day flaws slip past us.   Take for example language.   What percentage of American's say "I don't got any money" when in reality they don't have any money?   Sure it's just a minor flaw, a minute blemish that could easily pass unnoticed.   But, what about the next person who says, "I ain't got no money."   Is there a limit?   Is there a limit to how badly language can be mutilated, destroyed, or is death the ultimate confinement?   Nobel Prize winner, Toni Morrison, expresses her disgust and fear of such a death in her 1993 Nobel Prize Lecture.   She tells the story of an elderly blind woman whom is known and respected in her community for her wisdom and knowledge.   Morrison explains that "Among her people [the old woman] is both the law and its transgression" (Morrison 1993).   On one occasion, the woman is approached by some young people who are intent on taking advantage of her blindness.   They say, "Old woman, I hold in my hand a bird.   Tell me whether it is living or dead."   After some time the woman replies, "I don't know.   I don't know whether the bird you are holding is dead or alive, but what I do know is that it is in your hands. It is in your hands." (Morrison 1993)   Morrison interprets the bird to be language and the woman to be a practiced writer.  Ã‚   Morrison states that "[The woman] is worried about how the language she dreams in, given to her at birth, is handled, put into service, even withheld from her for certain nefarious purposes.   ...She believes that if the bird in the hands of her visitors is dead, the custodians are responsible for the corpse" (Morrison 1993).   The woman is aware that language, her very way of communicating with the world, her sole instrument of expression in modern society, is dying.   As language continues to die, the woman and her medium for expression become increasingly confined, with death as the final outcome.   She is shackled and detained by her inability to halt the holocaust, the complete and utter desecration of the language she loves so much.

Jellyfish Venom :: Jellyfish Marine Life Essays

Jellyfish Venom Almost anyone who has ever spent time near or in an ocean has been warned about being stung by jellyfish. Jellyfish have been ascribed a reputation as dangerous, often lethal animals. The exact actions of jellyfish toxins are not well understood, and the true danger presented by jellyfish is often exaggerated. This paper will attempt to answer several questions about jellyfish and venom. It will discuss what toxins make up jellyfish venom and the method in which these toxins are delivered. The effects of jellyfish venom on the human body will be discussed, including the possible action of these toxins at a cellular level. Finally, first aid and treatments for jellyfish envenomations will be described. Background The marine creatures commonly known as jellyfish are members of the phylum Cnidaria. Of the four classes of cnidarians, jellyfish come from both the Hydrozoa and Scyphozoa classes. Most jellyfish are schphozoids, while the Portuguese Man-of-War (Physalia physalis) is a hydroid. As cnidarians, jellyfish possess two tissue types: endoderm and ectoderm, in addition to a single cell layer of jelly-like mesoglea between the endoderm and the ectoderm (Russell 21). Jellyfish exhibit radial symmetry and have tentacles with stinging cells known as cnidocytes. They range in size from a few millimeters up to a bell size of two meters across, with tentacles up to thirty-six meters long. Typically less than five percent of a jellyfish’s body is "solid organic material" (Halstead, Poisonous 96-97). Jellyfish have reproductive cycles that involve a sessile polyp and a free-living medusa state. The polyp is asexual, while the medusa is sexual (Williamson et al. 121). P. physalis actually consist of colonies of many small organisms. A single Man-of-War contains both polyp and medusal stage organisms, with several different types of polyps and medusae in a colony (Halstead, Poisonous 94-95) Jellyfish populations exhibit seasonality in their choice of habitats. Most jellyfish prefer temperate and warm water. P. physalis prefer open waters and move with the wind, tide, and currents. Scyphozoas are found in all seas of the world. These jellyfish prefer shallow water such as bays and estuaries but also inhabit open ocean (Halstead, Poisonous 94-97). They usually live in the warm or temperate waters favored by coral (Halstead, Poisonous 115). Jellyfish are most abundant in coastal areas during warm summer months, but are present along the shore at other times of year (Halstead, Poisonous 97). Likewise, in Australia, the largest numbers of jellyfish are found along shores during the summer months of November through April, with peak numbers occurring in December.

Human Cloning :: Essays Papers

Human Cloning Cloning is the reproduction of an organism created non-sexually through the genetic material of another organism (â€Å"Human Cloning†). Although human cloning has not yet happened, many people believe that it should be banned because of ethics and morals involving unnatural birth. Certain religious groups believe that cloning is unethical because it takes over God’s role of creation. Cloning is a new idea to society, and just as in the past, advances in technology and medicine have scared people because of the risks involved. This has made it easy for society to want to avoid what might happen after the process of cloning has started. However, many people do not realize how cloning can positively affect their lives. Cloning is a tremendous technological breakthrough for this century and it is an inevitable advancement for the future. One of the major benefits offered through cloning is towards couples that cannot naturally conceive a child. There are over twelve million Americans at childbearing age who are infertile, which is major problem not only in the United States, but also throughout the world (Hoon). These couples have wasted valuable time and gone through much pain with infertility treatments. Even these treatments are not very dependable and cannot guarantee positive results, so couples are still left without children (â€Å"Benefits†). Cloning embryos allows a couple not only to have a child, but also allows them to pass on their genes (Brown). This solution would provide positive results for all of the infertile couples. This is one of the problems that millions of Americans will have solved through human cloning. Aside from infertile couples, there are many other problems that human cloning will solve for people. Doctors will be able to produce the exact copy of a peoples organs and even their skin (â€Å"Benefits†). This will be a miraculous event for burn victims and those who need organ transplants. Burned victims would be able to replace their skin with artificially produced replacement tissues (Hoon). Cloning organs would save the lives of the millions of Americans waiting for liver and kidney transplants, as well.

Langston Hughes Essay -- essays research papers

Few poets in the twentieth century, and perhaps even in any century, can be compared to Langston Hughes. Hughes wrote with his heart and soul, creating poems that everyone could understand. He expressed love for all races, colors, and religions and did not judge anybody until he had reason to judge them. He wrote to entertain, to inspire, to teach, and to make a point. His way with words made him the most popular and prolific black writer of the twentieth century (Offinoski, 32). Hughes was born in Joplin, Missouri on February 1, 1902. He was born into a black family of abolitionists and his parents were both bookkeepers. When Hughes was young his parents separated, causing his father to move to Mexico and his mother to leave him for quite a while in search of a steady job. Hughes could never call a place ?home? for too long because he was always moving from one place to another or living with different family members and friends. This constant movement affected his writing because he learned about many different people and life styles from the places he lived. Hughes started writing poetry in high school, but the major turning point in his poetic career was when he was working as a bus boy in Washington, D.C. A very famous critic, Vachel Lindsay, was at the place that Hughes worked. Hughes had always admired him and looked up to him, but he was too timid to confront him. Instead, he ran up to Lindsay, gave him a few poems that he had written, and ran away without saying anything. The next day Hughes was bombarded by reporters because Lindsay had published his poems in the paper. Since Lindsay had not known his name, he had received the name ?bus boy poet? in the paper. That was the jump start of Hughes?s career. In 1919 and... ...te101.com/article.cfm/modern_us_poetry_97582>. Haskins, James S.. Always Movin' On. London: Franklin Watts, 1976. "Langston Hughes." America's Story from America's Library. 19 December 2008 . "Langston Hughes (1902-1967)." Books and Writers. 2003. 2 January 2008 . Modern American Literature G-O. Curley, Dorothy Nyren, Maurice Kramer, and Elaine Fialka Kramer. Vol. 2. New York: Frederick Unger Publishing Co. Inc., 1969. Otfinski, Steven. Great Black Writers. New York: Facts on File Inc., 1994. Page, James A.. Selected Black American Authors. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co., 1970. Warlick, David. "MLA Web Document." Son of Citation Machine. April 2006. Landmark Project. 2 Jan 2008 .

Classical Management Theory Essay -- Classical Management Theories Ess

Classical Management Theory Early Management Theories Early Theories of Organizations emerged mainly for military and Catholic Church. The metaphor of the machine was dominant, where organizations are viewed as machines. Therefore, the organizational application was, since workers behave predictably (as machines do rarely deviate from the norm), management knows what to expect, and workers operating outside expectations are replaced. Classical Management Theories There are three well-established theories of classical management: Taylor?s Theory of Scientific Management, Fayol?s Administrative Theory, Weber?s Theory of Bureaucracy. Although these schools, or theories, developed historical sequence, later ideas have not replaced earlier ones. Instead, each new school has tended to complement or coexist with previous ones. Taylor?s Theory of Scientific Management, U.S.A Frederick Taylor (1856-1915) ?The Father of Scientific Management?. Scientific Management theory arose from the need to increase productivity in the U.S.A. especially, where skilled labor was in short supply at the beginning of the twentieth century. The only way to expand productivity was to raise the efficiency of workers. Taylor devised four principles for scientific management theory, which were: 1. The development of a true science of management, 2. The scientific selection and training of workers, 3. Proper remuneration for fast and high-quality work 4. Equal division of work and responsibility between worker and manager Limitations of The Theory of Scientific Management: Although it maximized efficiency and productivity but its main limitation was ignoring human aspects of employment. This is manifested in the following: ? Some workers and unions opposed this theory because they feared that working harder or faster would exhaust whatever work was available, causing layoffs. ? Objection to the "speed up" conditions that placed undue pressures on employees to perform at faster levels, some managers exploited both workers and customers. ? Reducing worker?s role to a rigid adherence to compulsory methods and procedures. ? The increased fragmentation of work due to its emphasis on divisional labor . ? Economically based approach to the motivation of employees . ? It put planning and control of workplace activities only in the hands of managers. ... ...Late 1980's: renewed interest in organizational climate and groups Late 1980's: rise of participatory management techniques known by such terms as Total Quality Management (TQM), Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI). 1986: first ruling by U.S. Supreme Court on subject of sexual harassment Late 1980's: work stress received increasing attention in I/O research, theory, and practice Balancing work and family lives received increasing attention. References: - Organisation and Management of Health Care, April 2002, Version 2.0 , Main Contributor: Katie Enock, Public Health Specialist, Harrow Primary Care Trust www.healthknowledge.org.uk - Henri Rayol Industrial and General Administration, J.A.Caubrough, trans.(Geneva International Management Institute, 1930) - http://www.northstar.k12.ak.us/schools/ryn/projects/inventors/taylor/taylor.html - http://www.survey-software-solutions.com/walonick/organizational-theory.htm - http://www.glass-time.com/gainsharing/Motivation.html - http://www.mtsu.edu/~pmccarth/io_hist.htm - http://home.eclions.net/mbobic/Version17.htm - http://www.lib.uwo.ca/business/fayol.html - http://www2.pfeiffer.edu/~lridener/DSS/Weber/WEBRPER.HTML Classical Management Theory Essay -- Classical Management Theories Ess Classical Management Theory Early Management Theories Early Theories of Organizations emerged mainly for military and Catholic Church. The metaphor of the machine was dominant, where organizations are viewed as machines. Therefore, the organizational application was, since workers behave predictably (as machines do rarely deviate from the norm), management knows what to expect, and workers operating outside expectations are replaced. Classical Management Theories There are three well-established theories of classical management: Taylor?s Theory of Scientific Management, Fayol?s Administrative Theory, Weber?s Theory of Bureaucracy. Although these schools, or theories, developed historical sequence, later ideas have not replaced earlier ones. Instead, each new school has tended to complement or coexist with previous ones. Taylor?s Theory of Scientific Management, U.S.A Frederick Taylor (1856-1915) ?The Father of Scientific Management?. Scientific Management theory arose from the need to increase productivity in the U.S.A. especially, where skilled labor was in short supply at the beginning of the twentieth century. The only way to expand productivity was to raise the efficiency of workers. Taylor devised four principles for scientific management theory, which were: 1. The development of a true science of management, 2. The scientific selection and training of workers, 3. Proper remuneration for fast and high-quality work 4. Equal division of work and responsibility between worker and manager Limitations of The Theory of Scientific Management: Although it maximized efficiency and productivity but its main limitation was ignoring human aspects of employment. This is manifested in the following: ? Some workers and unions opposed this theory because they feared that working harder or faster would exhaust whatever work was available, causing layoffs. ? Objection to the "speed up" conditions that placed undue pressures on employees to perform at faster levels, some managers exploited both workers and customers. ? Reducing worker?s role to a rigid adherence to compulsory methods and procedures. ? The increased fragmentation of work due to its emphasis on divisional labor . ? Economically based approach to the motivation of employees . ? It put planning and control of workplace activities only in the hands of managers. ... ...Late 1980's: renewed interest in organizational climate and groups Late 1980's: rise of participatory management techniques known by such terms as Total Quality Management (TQM), Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI). 1986: first ruling by U.S. Supreme Court on subject of sexual harassment Late 1980's: work stress received increasing attention in I/O research, theory, and practice Balancing work and family lives received increasing attention. References: - Organisation and Management of Health Care, April 2002, Version 2.0 , Main Contributor: Katie Enock, Public Health Specialist, Harrow Primary Care Trust www.healthknowledge.org.uk - Henri Rayol Industrial and General Administration, J.A.Caubrough, trans.(Geneva International Management Institute, 1930) - http://www.northstar.k12.ak.us/schools/ryn/projects/inventors/taylor/taylor.html - http://www.survey-software-solutions.com/walonick/organizational-theory.htm - http://www.glass-time.com/gainsharing/Motivation.html - http://www.mtsu.edu/~pmccarth/io_hist.htm - http://home.eclions.net/mbobic/Version17.htm - http://www.lib.uwo.ca/business/fayol.html - http://www2.pfeiffer.edu/~lridener/DSS/Weber/WEBRPER.HTML